Camiguin Reports 2000

SITE: SITIO ITUM, BARANGAY BAYLAO

2004-09-26T05:37:00.000+08:00

SITE: SITIO ITUM, BARANGAY BAYLAO
MUNICIPALITY OF MAMBAJAO, CAMIGUIN

Other Sitios: Proper, Abu, Dal-as, Baybay
Land Area: 922.4 has. (10.84% of municipal total, the second largest barangay)
Alienable and Disposable: 682.41 has.
Timberland: 240 has.
Population (NSO 1995): 1,752 (6% of municipal total)
Population Density: 190 persons/sq. km.
HH No.: 344
Ave. HH Size: 5.09

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Barangay Baylao is the second largest among the fifteen (15) villages of Mambajao. It is bounded on the east by Barangay Poblacion (the town proper), on the west by Kuguita, on the north by Mt. Hibok-hibok, and on the south by the Mindanao Sea.

Alienable and disposable land totals 682.41 has., accounting for 74% of the total land area. Timberland accounts for the balance of 26 %. Hence, while the barangay’s gross population density is 190 per square kilometer, its net population density is 257 square kilometer.

Baylao has five sitios: the (barangay) Proper on the western part of the barangay is a lowland area which is located along the national highway, Dal-as (on the eastern part of the barangay, another lowland area located along the national highway), Itom (an upland Sitio), Baybay (a coastal sitio), and Abu.

a) Topography, Erosion and Soil

Baylao has a composite ecosystem, dominated by mountainous areas with steep to very steep slope (30-50% slope) spanning 434.55 has. Or 45% of the barangay’s total land area. Covering the peaks of Tres Marias. Below this area are moderately sloping to rolling hills and mountains (8-15%) that measures 179.92 has. (19%). Near this are the rolling to moderately steep hills with slopes from 15% to 30% and measures of 26 hectares (3%). From elevations of 20 meters above sea level (m ASL) until 200 m ASL are gently sloping to undulating lands (3-8%) covering 239.55 hectares (25% of total land area). From 80 m ASL extending to the shore is flat to nearly flat terrain (0-3%) that totals 84.73 has (9% of barangay land area).

The area covering 55.08 hectares from coast up to an elevation of 20m ASL shows no evidence of erosion. From this elevation to 200m ASL are slightly eroded cultivated lands (153.20) and grasslands (162 has.). While the status of erosion on uppermost and more steep region aggravated to moderate erosion of the grasslands (364 has.) and further up, slight erosion of the forestlands (230.29 has.).

The soil types found in Baylao are: San Manuel Loam, Mambajao Clay, Camiguin Clay, and Undifferentiated Mountain Soils. Of all these, San Manuel is the most suitable for agriculture as it is best for paddy rice. It is found near the coastal/flat area of the village. Mambajao Clay, on the other hand, is suitable for all indigenous crops such as coconut, corn, rice and banana. Camiguin Clay is more difficult to handle and due to the presence of rocks and boulders, cultivation with plow and tractor is difficult. However, it can be planted with permanent crops such as fruit trees and coconuts due to the presence of rocks and boulders, cultivation with plow and tractor is difficult. It can, however, be planted with permanent crops such as fruit trees and coconuts due to the presence of outcrops. The undifferentiated Mountain Soils are unclassified due to inaccessibility.

b) Environmentally Constrained Areas

Due to its proximity to Mt. Hibok-hibok, Baylao is highly vulnerable to the risks posed should this active volcano erupts,including pyroclastic blasts, lahar and ashfall. Sitio Dal-as, which is right at the foot of Mt. Hibok-Hibok, was in fact washed out during the 1951 eruption of Mt. Hibok-Hobok. The coastal area isalso prone to coastal flooding. The steep to very steep slopes (over 30%) near the volcano also poses risks such as landslides. This covers an area of 415 hectares or 45% of the entire village.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

Within the municipality, Baylao ranks seventh in terms of population, accounting for 6.3% of the municipal population. Based on the 1995 NSO Survey, Baylao had a population of 1,752 individuals with 344 households.

Surveyed households totaled 32,with 214 individuals or approximately 12% of the total population. The sampled population was greatest in Sitio Abu at 74, followed by the barangay Proper at 70, Sitio Dal-as at 41, Sitio Itom at 19, and Sitio Baybay at 11.

Despite farming opprtunities in Sitio Itom, only a small percentage of the barangay population lives there due to its distance from the proper, compounded by the bad road condition and the non-availability of transportation.

Of the population in the sampled households, 117 or 54.7% were female and 97 or 45% were male. The barangay has a young population, with more than 45% being 16 years old or younger. Persons within the 17-30 years age bracket comprised 24% of the population, with those in the 31 to 45 years age group accounting for 16%. Persons above 45 years old account only around 15% of the population.

RELIGION

Majority of the residents in the barangay are of Catholic faith. The barangay has one church and two chapels. Aside from the town fiesta, the barangay has its own fiesta held on April 16 annually. Mass is celebrated every third Sunday of the month at the barngay church.

LANGUAGE

Cebuano is the most dominant dialect spoken in the barangay. A small percentage also speaks Tagalog and English.

EDUCATION

The barangay has an elementary school and a pre-school. Together with its proximity to secondary and tertiary institutions, these have contributed to the high literacy rate in the barangay, at 96%. Among the surveyed populace, literacy rate is 100% for the 46 years and above age groups, and for those aged 17-30. The rate is 97% for those aged 31 to 45, while it is still relatively low 83% for the 8-16 year age group.

The elementary school is located in the barangay proper. With six class rooms and seven teachers, the school caters to students from Sitio Abu, Dal-as, Baybay and Proper. The daycare center, which can accomodate 38 students, is also located at the barangay proper. Access to educational facilities is particularly difficult for those residing in Sitio Itom, inasmuch as students have to travel at least 8kms. in order to get to the nearest elementary school (Quiboro Elementary School).

Secondary school is availed of at the Poblacion in Mambajao, in Balbagon, or in Yumbing. Tertiary education, on the other hand, is taken either in the Mambajao Poblacion, in Balbagon, or outside Camiguin.

Of the surveyed populace above 16 years old, only 23% have taken non-formal courses, e.g. in dressmaking, carpentry, driving, cooking, masonry and automotive mechanics. Most of the individuals who have taken non-formal courses are in the 31 to 45 year age group. Only a few have been able to apply the skills learned in income-generating activities.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Based on the CMPP survey, the barangay economy is primarily agriculture-based. Farming is the main source of income of 50% of the surveyed households, with an additional 3% of households relying on fishing. However, employment is emerging as a major income source with 29% of surveyed households relying on employment as the primary source of income.

Baylao is a major producer of rice---farming in the lowlands is primarily rice-based. Upland farming, on the other hand, is mainly for vegetable, corn and rootcrop production.

Rice percentage, however, is decreasing. From around 50 has. of irrigated farmland devoted to rice, only 20 has. are cultivated at present, with the balance having been sold to LIMKETKAI for commercial development.

According to the consultations, Sitio Itom is being eyed as the food basket of Camiguin because of its temperate climate that is conducive for the production of crops, particularly vegetables. Furthermore, the availability of water will facilitate agricultural production. Relating this to the land capability assessment, this area around Abbu and Itum has Class B lands or good crop land.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES

About 44% of the households surveyed have access to electricity for their lighting needs, while the rest use kerosene. Of the households which use kerosene, around 32% wish to avail themselves of electricity.

The postal service is the most commonly-used from of communication. The Post Office is only three kilometers away from the barangay, with travel time averaging only twenty minutes. Only a few households have telephone service.

Transportation is not a problem for residents living near and within the barangay proper and Sitio Dal-as, since these are located along the national highway, through which all types of public transportation pass. However, transportation is difficult for residents of sitios with steep and rugged terrain. For example, residents of sitio Abu have to walk one kilometer to reach public transportation; the road to the sitio is asphalted but in bad condition, with a few meters of concrete roads. The situation is worse in Sitio Itom, the farthest and steepest sitio of the barangay, which is reached via a dirt road. No modes of public transportation reach the area. Transport of goods to market is done using carts driven by draft animals, or are even sometimes brought on foot.

The main source of water are the Ablay Spring and a reservoir in Abu which supplies water to the barangay proper, as well as sitios Abu and Baylao. Irrigation comes from Inubungan, which is located between Brgy. Poblacion and the Abu area in Baylao.

Waste is commonly disposed of by burning, with some households beginning to practice composting. Only a small percentage of households use water-sealed toilets (Source: Comprehensive Master Plan for the Province of Camiguin).

DATE OF VISITS: JULY 31, 2000 - MONDAY /AUGUST 2, 2000-THURSDAY

2004-09-26T05:19:00.000+08:00

Date of visit: July 31, 2000 - Monday (Itum Community)
August 3, 2000 - Thursday (Mt. Hibok-hibok)

A. AREA

Site: Sitio Itum, Mambajao, Camiguin
Land Area:

922.4 has. (10.84% of municipal total, the second largest barangay)
CSIDP (Camiguin Sustainable Island Development Plan): 6 has.

Terrain: Upland
Distance Time 30 minutes from Mambajao using a 4x4 pickup.
Actual Distance 6.6 km. more or less from Poblacion, Mambajao
Distance (Time from 2º to FMR) 2 hours walk starting from PHILVOCS2 hours walk starting from PHILVOCS

Vertical Infrastructure
a) Corner of 2º to FMR PHILVOCS building
Not more than 30 houses until the site

b) Site Chapel

Basketball court
10-20 houses
Electric posts

Horizontal Infrastructure

Water pipes
Certain strips of the road under construction.

B. DEMOGRAPHICS

No. of Households: Brgy. Baylao: 344; Itum: 20
Livelihood Component Upland farming
Ave. HH Size 5.09
Educational Level
a) Head of Household Elementary level
b) Children High School level

Solid Waste Management

Composting is being practiced; they separate the non-biodegradable from the biodegradable and use the biodegradable as fertilizer for their crops. What they plan to do with the non-biodegradable is to cover it with soil once the pit becomes full.
Latrines are being constructed for the selected homestay sites.

C. INVENTORY

1) Man-made PHILVOCS Volcano Observatory

Located in Payahan Hills, Mambajao. 3 km from Mambajao, Poblacion and accessible through the Provincial Road, the observatory provides a fantastic view of Mt. Hibok-Hibok. It also serves as archives for Mt. Hibok-Hibok's history and resource center for volcanology enthusiasts.

a)Historical

DENR Centennial Tree in Mambajao

The piIi tree was planted in 1888 by the late Don Carlos Zamora Corrales then Governor General of Cagayan de Misamis in commemoration as mamber of the First Assembly. The assembly was organized prior to the first Philippine Revolutionary Congress held in Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan in September 15, 1898.
This memorial tree survived the Mount Hibok-hibok volcanic eruptions in 1948 and 1951.

b) Archeological - N/A

2) Natural

Ardent Spring

Located in Barangay Esperanza, 6 km southwest of Mambajao proper.
Consists of four (4) pools with an average water temperature of 40ºC coming from the bowels of Mt. Hibok-Hibok.
The Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) provides cottages and dormitory facilities to local and foreign tourists as well as catering services. Management of this place has been recently turned over to the municipal government.

Tangub Hot Spring

Located in Barangay Naasag, 13 km west of Mambajao.
A natural hot spring at the foot of Mt. Vulcan Daan (Old Volcano). Located at the shoreline, the spring's water level and temperature is determined by the tide.

Macao Cold Spring

Located in Barangay Tupsan Pequeno, Mambajao.
A natural cold spring with an average temperature of 20ºC.

White Island

Located 2 km east of Barangays Agoho and Yumbing, Mambajao. An uninhabited small white sandbar with the picturesque Mt. Hibok-Hibok and Mt. Vulcan Daan (Old Volcano) as its back drop.
Accessible by boat (motorized banca) from Barangay Agoho or Yumbing and provides a spectacular view of Camiguin Island.

Katibawasan Falls

Located in Barangay Pandan, 5 km southeast of Mambajao center. Accessible through the provincial road.
Waterfalls which measure approximately 250 feet high cascade to a rock pool surrounded by ground orchids, wild ferns, trees, and boulders.

Agohay Beach

Located 7 km from Barangay Agoho, Mambajao; one of the sites for the San Juan Hibok-hibokan Festival.
Campsite, native cottages, a mumulti-purpose building and motorized pump boats are available.

Jicduff Shoal

Locaten in Balbagon, Mambajao; a patch of reef raised from the sea floor, the top of which is not exposed except temporarily at very low tide.

Balas Spring

Located in Banlas, Mambajao; a natural soda spring with water that tastes like bottled soda.

Kugita Soda Spring

Located in Sitio Kugita, Barangay Agoho, Mambajao outside Paradiso Restaurant.

Burias Shoal

Slightly smaller than Jicduff, a breezy 30 minute speedboat ride from Mantangale Alibuag Dive Resort.

D. CULTURAL

Fiesta/Festivities:

Sitio Itum Barrio Fiesta - 3rd Week of September
San Juan Hibok-hibokan - held annually on the 24th of June to honor St. John the Baptist.
The festival is held on the beaches of Cabua-an and Agohay.
Watersports like boatraces, a fluvial procession and the coronation of Miss Hibok-Hibokan are the main features of the event. This is celebrated in the entire island province.

Religion: Catholic

Stories/Folklore

Itum is a Visayan word for "black," according to them the forests were so thick that from afar what would usually look green was so dark it looked black.
Somewhere around 1-2 km from the community, they say there's this part of the road wherein one can hear music. There have been stories saying that somebody would call mainland to have 12 cars or have cement delivered to that same address, and had the goods paid in full. But upon delivering the goods they find out nobody lives there.
When we passed by PHILVOCS, I asked the person manning the place if there were any legends/folklores on Mt. Hibok-Hibok or any of the mountains/volcanos found in Camiguin. "Wala akong alam, baka alam ng mga matatanda sa kanila mo na lang itanong," was his reply.

Crime Rate

There had been illegal logging activities but it finally stopped eversince the reforestation program started in 1986.

E. IMPACT

Trek to the top of Mt. Hibok-hibok, using the trail from Itum was supposed to start at 8 am but due to certain delays regarding lunch, it started at around 9:45 am. Need: A deeper understanding why there needs to be an itinerary for every trip.

Along the way to the top, one of our guides from the community was going to cut down a fallen tree that fell across the trail. It was still possible to walk over it, however, since he was armed with a bolo he decides to chop it down. Need: For guides to take into heart what minimum impact means.

As we near the middle part of the mountain, two of our guides I noticed were smoking cigarettes along the trail on our way up. This time one of them threw the cigarette butt, still with smoke and not completely extinguished, into a pile of dried leaves just beside the trail. Need: Deeper understanding of minimum impact.

Since we started late, the trip ended late. We reached the top at around 2:00 pm, left at around 2:45 pm. We finished trekking at 6:45pm, good thing the community started going up by the time they knew we would not be home before the sun completely sets and brought flashlights. Need: Concept of "turn around time" plus how to plan and execute an itinerary.

Soil Composition

The soil types found in Baylao are: San Manuel Loam, Mambajao Clay, Camiguin Clay, and Undifferentiated Mountain Soils. Of all these, San Manuel is the most suitable for agriculture as it is best for paddy rice. It is found near the coastal/flat area of the village. Mambajao Clay, on the other hand, is suitable for all indigenous crops such as coconut, corn, rice and banana. Camiguin Clay is more difficult to handle and due to the presence of rocks and boulders, cultivation with plow and tractor is difficult. The undifferentiated Mountain Soils are unclassified due to inaccessibility.

Vegetation

It was planted with permanent crops such as fruit trees and coconuts due to the presence of rocks and boulders, cultivation with plow and tractor is difficult. It can, however, be planted with permanent crops such as fruit trees and coconuts due to the presence of outcrops.

Tropical Rainforest Dipterocarp rainforest from the base up to the middle portion of the mountain. On the top one will find a tundra vegetation with pitcher plants, mosses, and shrubs.

Elevation Baylao has a composite ecosystem, dominated by mountainous areas with steep to very steep slope (30-50% slope) spanning 434.55 has. Or 45% of the barangay’s total land area. Covering the peaks of Tres Marias. Below this area are moderately sloping to rolling hills and mountains (8-15%) that measures 179.92 has. (19%). Near this are the rolling to moderately steep hills with slopes from 15% to 30% and measures of 26 hectares (3%).

From elevations of 20 meters above sea level (m ASL) until 200 m ASL are gently sloping to undulating lands (3-8%) covering 239.55 hectares (25% of total land area). From 80 m ASL extending to the shore is flat to nearly flat terrain (0-3%) that totals 84.73 has (9% of barangay land area).

The are covering 55.08 hectares from coast up to an elevation of 20m ASL shows no evidence of erosion. From this elevation to 200m ASL are slightly eroded cultivated lands (153.20) and grasslands (162 has.). While the status of erosion on uppermost and more steep region aggravated to moderate erosion of the grasslands (364 has.) and further up, slight erosion of the forestlands (230.29 has.).

People/Culture

The community was very dependable and immediately came to our aide when they noticed we will not be back before the sun sets. However, they still need to be made aware on how to take care of their environment and how to reduce their impact on it.

SITE: BARANGAY SAN ISIDRO

2004-09-24T07:29:00.000+08:00

SITE: BARANGAY SAN ISIDRO
MUNICIPALITY OF MAHINOG

Sitios: Mahayahay, Osmena, Sto. Nino
Land Area: 288 hectares (9% of municipal total)
Alienable and Disposable: 198 has.
Timberland: 89 has.
Population (NSO 1995): 410 (4% of municipal total)
Population Density: 1143 persons/sq.km.
HH no.: 87
Ave. HH Size:5.75

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

San Isidro is one of the thirteen barangays of the Municipality of Mahinog. Its land area of 288 hectares constitute 9% of the total land area of Mahinog of 3,255 has.

Of its total land area, 198 has. Or 69% are classified as alienable and disposable. Thus, the population density of 143 persons per square kilometer is the lower than the “net” density of 207 persons per sq km of A&D lands. This is still lower than the municipal average of 349.

a) Topography, Slope and Erosion

An upland barangay, its topography is generally characterized by steep to very steep slope (30-50%) occupying 68% of the total area. This already imposes crucial limitations to the development of the area since areas of this slope range is considered as protected. This is due to the possible risks of landslides by this slope.

The entire village has evidences of erosion, mostly cultivated and forest lands. Already 67% of the area has slight erosion, most of these are found in the forest area. The rest, on the other hand, are moderately eroded particularly in the cultivated area.

The soil types are Beach Sand, Mambajao Clay, Camiguin Clay and Undifferentiated Mountain Soils. The Camiguin Clay is the most dominant, however, cultivation is difficult given the prevalence of big boulders and rock outcrops. Ideal crops would be permanent such as fruit trees and coconuts but it can be used as pasture land.

The major bodies of tributary systems in San Isidro are Kamingaw and Dagoocan Creeks. It was noted that water is scarce during dry season particularly for the former. Water is one of the problems due to the undersized pipes and many leakage.

b) Environmentally Constrained Areas

Mahinog is relatively “safe,” as compared to the northern and northeastern villages of Camiguin, from the direct hazards posed by Mt. Hibok-hibok. Although, tracing from its history, it is still vulnerable to the dangers of volcanic eruptions.

San Isidro, an upland community is severely limited by its physical environment as most of its land area have slopes over 30% (unbuildable and protected). Its land is still the main resource base. Its physical features such as slopes and type of soil influence the possible development alternatives and also present crucial imperatives to ensure that this resource base will remain intact and can support people.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

The 410 population size of San Isidro is the fourth smallest in the entire municipality. Among its sitios, Proper is the most populated, followed by Osmena and then by Mahayahay.

Almost half of its population is composed of young groups from 0 to 16 years. The dependents were outnumbered by the potential labor force by 1:1.2. The women have outnumbered the men by 1.26:1.

EDUCATION

There is a literacy rate of about 70% much lower than the provincial average of 90%. This is reflected by the low level of educational attainment of the people and the inability to have formal education. This can be attributed to the inaccessibility of schools, given that there is no public transport to upland communities in the area as well as the presence of only a primary school which offers Grades 1 to 3. Nearest schools are in Hubangon and Catuhogan

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

The main source of income is upland farming (coconut farming) followed by business (retail trade). Some people have secondary sources of income such as carpentry and farm laborers, e.g. coconut lumber haulers.

Of the 54% of the population considered as part of the labor force, 16% of this group are employed, 16% of this group are employed. The government is the major non-farm employment provider (25%). Almost 40% are into farm labor while a few into quarrying, construction and sales.

Farm labor is the main source of employment. This is usually as coconut harvesters or haulers of coconut. Employment is irregular, and hence, after the activity, the people do not have any source of income.

Close to 40% of the respondents (economically active group) have non-formal education or skills such as carpentry, amakan-, mat- and dressmaking, however, these skills do not provide them with steady source of income because of lack of capital to start a business as well as market for their produce. Amakan, however, is sometimes sold along the highway.

Coconut is the major produce as it has the highest gross value of PhP 3,099 (based on 10% sample survey). The production is not that significant as it contributes only less than 1% to the total municipal production.

Unlike in other villages, results of the survey indicate that banana is not commonly produced in San Isidro. Lanzones is planted but survey results indicated that there were no production from these trees. Rice and corn are also produced, but production is low and production is mainly for consumption.

Although, crop production is generally subsistence, marketing of the produce is not easy. Majority of the farming households transport their produce to the market by foot.
San Isidro’s economy is anchored on agriculture, specifically in coconut industry---either through farming or labor. However, compared to other villages, the production as well as productivity is very low. Although coconuts are often intercropped with other produce such as vegetables, rootcrops and other fruit trees, production of these is for household consumption.

In the years past, farmers practiced shifting cultivation and slash and burn. However, given the current support from PRRM to introduce sustainable agricultural technologies such as SALT and organic farming, the farmers had better capability to maximize the potentials of their land. Proof or evidences of increased production is not yet evident given that the reforestation project is still on its third year.

One of the problems raised during the PRRM study is the lack of tenurial status of the farmers to the land they till, as most landowners are not from the village. After the baseline study, however, the people organization, NAGKAPUNDOK, received a stewardship contract from DENR for the land they have developed. Given this development, it is still to be observed whether the tenurial security will improve the economic and social condition not only of the members of the people’s organizations but the community as well. (Source: Comprehensive Masterplan for the Province of Camiguin).

DATE OF VISIT: AUGUST 2, 2000 -WEDNESDAY

2004-09-23T04:56:00.000+08:00

A. AREA

Site: Barangay San Isidro, Municipality of Mahinog
Land Area:

288 hectares
Reforestation site: 65 ha.
12 ha.-Sustainable Agriculture which includes the proposed campsite

Terrain: Upland

Distance Time

1.5 hours to 2 hours walk going up to the site then same time going down for a total of around 3-4 hours going to and from the site.

Actual Distance :13 km more or less from Mambajao's Poblacion

Distance (Time from 2º to FMR): 2 km of rough road starting from the provincial road up to the basketball court where we started to walk on foot since vehicles can no longer enter due to erosion of road as it nears the upland area.

Vertical Infrastructure:

a) Corner of 2º to FMR

Basketball court
Bamboo Flower stands
Electric posts
Approximately 20-30 houses

b) Site

Old, abandoned, wooden bunkhouse with the Cooperacion Espanol logo that was once used for shelter during the reforestation project.
5 nipa houses

Horizontal Infrastructure: Pipes going up for upland farming irrigation.

B. DEMOGRAPHICS

No. of Households: 87 HH
Livelihood Component: Upland farming
Ave. HH Size: 5.75

Educational Level
a) Head of Household elementary level
b) Children high school level

Solid Waste Management: None that was evident, looks like burning is the usual practice.
Latrines are presently being constructed for the homestay project of PRRM.

C. INVENTORY

1) Man-made

Tanguines Lagoon, Benoni
Man-made lagoon with an area of about 19.5 hectares and can be viewed from the Nationa Road.
Ideal for boating, locally used for fishing and swimming and a road allows visitors to drive around the lagoon.
Two (2) privately owned operated restaurants on the lagoon (and still growing): Lab-as and J&A Fishpen.

a) Historical - N/A
b) Archeological - N/A

2) Natural <>

<>Mantigue Island, San Roque - Located 3 km east off shore from Barangays Hubangon and San Roque in Mahinog. Can be seen somewhere on top, near the reforestation site of PRRM in San Isidro. The island has four (4) hectares of beach forest fringed with white sandy beaches. A fishing village is found at the north side.`
Burias Shoal, San Roque (Dive Spot)
Cabuan Point, between Guinsiliban and Benoni (Dive Spot)

D. CULTURAL

Fiesta/Festivities: May 21- San Isidro Barrio Fiesta
Religion: Catholic
Stories/Folklore: N/A

Crime Rate

There have been instances when the Blessed Sacrament and the ivory, antique “santo” have been stolen from their Church. Fortunately, they have been able to find the culprit because the island’s small enough to know these people’s wherabouts.

E. IMPACT

We started our trek at around 9:30 in the morning. On the way up to the reforestation site, we took what for me would be considered a difficult trail. The trail had an elevation of not more than 40º all the way to the top, it was very hot since most of the trees present along the way were mostly coconut trees which could not provide us with enough shade. There were no special points of interest along the trail so I thought the view must be spectacular once we reach the top.

At 10:30 AM we arrived at the boundary between the forestal area and the ariable/disposable land that has a view overlooking Mantigue Island. I thought this was the site they wanted to show their guests as part of the ecotour package, it was not. We walked on to the top until we reached the Cooperacion Espanol bunkhouse.

According to the people from PRRM this route has been used by most of their consultants who wish to check on their projects for the upland area. However, I was not there to check on the projects but on the area’s potential as an ecotour destination and as both an observer and a researcher, I do not think the bunkhouse should be the final destination.

The way I understand it, they were proposing for the bunkhouse to be a stop over or a campsite for those people traversing Mt. Timpoong as a shortcut going Sagay.

On the way down, we passed by a heavily vegetated area where most plants were tall and thick enough to provide shade. The elevation did not seem as steep as it was as the one going up and the presence of vegetation probably took my mind off the heat and the long walk. So I asked them why this trail was not the one we used while we were going up? The answer I got was that this trail was harder to find.

What I suggest is that should the Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) or the Reforestation site be the ecotour destination for this site, it would be wiser to use the 2nd trail (the one we used going down) while going up the site since it was more scenic and provides more shade due to its lush agricultural vegetation. The focal point would be a view of Mantigue Island. Then the 1st trail (the one we used going up, which has less shade and less trees) could be used going down.

I also see a need for further ecological awareness training programs for PRRM’s EcoDev people. While we were eating pineapples near this goats’ kubo, I witnessed one of them take out the stinger of a little bee. Take into mind that as we embark on a journey through nature as ecotourists, we do not go there to harm to whoever or whatever exists in that area, even if it was a little bee, it should be understood that it has a purpose being there.

1)Soil Composition

The entire village has evidences of erosion, mostly cultivated and forest lands. Already 67% of the area has slight erosion, most of these are found in the forest area. The rest, on the other hand, are moderately eroded particularly in the cultivated area.

The soil types are Beach Sand, Mambajao Clay, Camiguin Clay and Undifferentiated Mountain Soils. The Camiguin Clay is the most dominant, however, cultivation is difficult given the prevalence of big boulders and rock outcrops.

2) Vegetation

Ideal crops would be permanent such as fruit trees and coconuts. Some parts were being used as pasture land.

3) Elevation

An upland barangay, its topography is generally characterized by steep to very steep slope (30-50%) occupying 68% of the total area. This already imposes crucial limitations to the development of the area since areas of this slope range is considered as protected. This is due to the possible risks of landslides by this slope.

4) People/Culture

Never had the chance to talk to the people of the community but some were curious to know the reason for my visit of the place. However, they just kept their distance and would not ask nor speak up unless you be the one to speak/ask them first.

Most of them were very busy trimming weeds and beautifying their community.

SITE: BARANGAY MAINIT

2004-09-23T04:47:00.000+08:00

SITE: BARANGAY MAINIT
MUNICIPALITY OF CATARMAN, CAMIGUIN

Sitios: Purok 1, Purok 2, Purok 3, Purok 4, Purok 5, Purokn 6, Purok 7
Land Area: 835 hectares (16% of municipal total, largest)
Alienable and Disposable: 803 has.
Timberland: 32 has.
Population (NSO 1995): 1,344 (9% of municipal total)
Population Density: 161 persons/sq.km.
HH No.: 264
Ave. HH Size: 5.09

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

An upland barangay, Mainit is one of the fourteen barangays of the Municipality of Catarman. It is located at the southwestern part of the island province. As a landlocked village, its territorial boundaries are Bura on the west, Santo Nino on the east, Panghiawan and Compol on the south and Mt. Catarman on the north.

Being the biggest village in Catarman, Mainit’s 835 hectares comprise 16% of the total municipal land area of 5,375 hectares. With a population of 1,344 (NSO 1995), the gross population density is 161 persons per square kilometer. Since only 86% of its land area is alienable and disposable, the net population density is only a little higher at 197 per square kilomete of arable land. The village is subdivided into seven puroks---Purok 1 to 7.

a) Topography, Erosion and Soil

Mainit, an upland community, has its land as the main resource base. Its physical features such as slope and type of soil influence the possible development alternatives and also present crucial imperatives to ensure that this resource base will remain intact and can supprt its people. Furthermore, it is within the vicinity of volcanic hazard zone of the Mt. Hibok-hibok. Nonetheless, Mainit has relative good advantage as its terrain allows more area for cultivation and development.

The most dominant topographical feature of the land is gently sloping to rolling or slope range from 8 to 15%. Slopes over 30% (protected and considered as unbuildable due to possible dangers of landslides) constitute 18% of the total area. The rest are nearly level to undulating slope from 3 to 8% moderately steep tovery steep slopes that range from 30-50%.

The entire village has evidences of erosion. Slight erosion is forest areas (28%) in cultivated lands, 56%, moderate erosion in grasslands 911%) and the rest sever erosion of cultivated lands.

The soil types are Camiguin Clay and Undifferentiated Mountain Soils. Cultivation of Camiguin Clay is difficult given the prevalence of big boulders and rock outcrops. Ideal crops would be permanent such as fruit trees and coconuts but itcan be used as pasture land. For the other soil type, due to inaccessibility, it cannot be classified but has been identified to have no significant agricultural value.

b) Environmentally Constrained Areas

Mainit is not “safe” from the dangers posed by Mt. Hibok-hibok. Its upper portion is within the vicinity of ashfall, pyroclastic blasts, etc. whould Mt. Hibok-hibok erupts. Thus, the non-environmentally constrained area of Mainit is 547 or 65% of the total area.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL FEATURES

The NSO survey in 1995 showed that the population count was 1,344 and the number of households was 264 with an average household size of 5.09. Among its seven puroks, it is Purok 1 which is the most populated, followed by Purok 4 and Purok 3. The least populate are Puroks 6 and 7.

The population of the young (under 17 yrs) comprises one-third of the population. The dependency ratio is 69 dependents for every 100 members of the economically active group. The women have been outnumbered by the men 1.25:1.

RELIGION

Majority of the population are Catholics. There are three chapels in Mainit. One is in Poblacion, the other is Purok 6 and another Purok 7.

EDUCATION

There is an elementary school in Mainit and this has a teaching force of 10 teachers. The problems regarding their school is the lack of furnitures, toilets as well as fences to secure their children. For high school and college education, the peoopl go to Catarman National High School for the former and normally to Poblacion, Mambajao for the latter.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

As landlocked and upland barangay, the major source of income is farming. Given the limitation of livelihood alternatives, other sources are labor and employment and small-scale business enterprise.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES

Majority of the households depend on kerosene for lighting and on firewood for cooking. According to the Accessibility Database, 47% of the households do not have direct access to water. The main source of water is from springs. The reservoir has a size of 3m x 3m. The problem the raised are the undersized pipes and the unequal distribution of water (Source: Comprehensive Master Plan for the Province of Camiguin).

DATE OF VISIT: AUGUST 1, 2000 - TUESDAY

2004-09-23T04:45:00.000+08:00

A. AREA

Site: Tuasan Falls, Mainit
Land Area: 835 hectares (16% of municipal total, largest)
Terrain: Upland
Distance Time: 1.5 - 2 hour walk from Itum going to Tuasan
Actual Distance: 5.3 km more or less from Itum; Mainit is around 22.5 km from the Poblacion of Mambajao
Distance (Time from 2º to FMR): 3 km trek from Itum to Tuasan Falls

Vertical Infrastructure

a) Corner of 2º to FMR

1 Abandoned DENR bunkhouse
Around 3 nipa huts along the trail used for copra-making.
Around 50 houses when passing by Mainit.

b) Site

DENR shower/comfort/dressing room

Horizontal Infrastructure: Water pipes

B. DEMOGRAPHICS

No. of Households: 264
Livelihood Component: Upland farming
Average HH Size: 5.09

Educational Level
a) Head of Household Elementary Level
b) Children High School Level

Solid Waste Management

Common practice is burning, no segregation yet of biodegradable from non-biodegradable waste.

C. INVENTORY

1) Man-made

a)Historical

Undewater Cemetery

<>There is a large, white cross that marks the submerged cemetery. The cemetery that is supposed to be underwater no longer exists since corals have already grown on it.

Gui-ob Church Ruins

There exists a plate bearing the historical background of the church. A chapel has been built within the church ruins.
Located in Barangay Bonbon, Catarman.What remains are ruins of adobe walls, belfry and convent that are testimonials to the devastating 1871 earthquake and volcanic eruption that wiped out the illustrious of Catarman established earlier as a Spanish settlement in 1697.

Walkway to Old Vulcan

Cemented stairs and pathway from the base in Bonbon up to the fourth station.
There are lamp posts but without the light bulbs.
Path have been widened.

b) Archeological - N/A

2) Natural

Tuasan Falls

Six kilometers west of Catarman, pass by the barrio of Mainit to reach this 25 meter high waterfalls. They were trying to tap this as a mini-hydro source power.

Sto. Nino Cold Spring

Four kilometers uphill of Catarman town with a pool measuring 25 m by 40 m. Two meters deep of cold spring sprouting from the sandy bottom. The area has native cottages, restaurant, picnic huts, cook out facilities and restrooms for picnickers.

There are around 4 sari-sari stores/carinderia in the area.

Tres Marias

Located in Mainit, Catarman a mountain with three peaks thus the name.

D. CULTURAL

Fiesta/Festivities:

Fiesta sa Bonbon - held every second week of May, this features a fluvial parade, baroto (boat race), Santacruzan and fiesta sa barangay.
Panaad (Holy Week) - a penitent's yearly 64 km trek around the island in observance of the lenten season.
Mainit barrio fiesta - held on February 18-19.

Religion: Catholic
Stories/Folklore

Somewhere nearing Tuasan Falls, there this rock that according to Julie there was once a woman who jumped off it, fell into Tuasan Falls but the body was never seen and was never recovered. Sometimes, at 12mn people can hear the woman's shout from here.
According to the locals, the name Tuasan was from a Japanese who discovered the falls during the Japanese era.
There have been marks on the trees along the trail, according to my companions the place has been surveyed and a highway might be constructed through the rainforest we just walked through.

Crime Rate: Very minimal

E. IMPACT

The trail from Itum to Tuasan was very shady. It had trees, moss, rocks, and some loose soil along the trail. Gentle slope with elevation not higher than 25 - 30º. The trek was scenic and pleasant, can be classified as a fun trek (level 1).
Upon reaching the site (Tuasan Falls), the community has been mobilized to clean up the site, it has been observed that they are very dependable and very eager to participate in the project.
However, it is not advisable to rearrange the rocks near the basin of Tuasan Falls in order to widen it then form riff raffs out of it. Great impact has already been made to the area with this activity. Note: There is a need for a seminar with concentration of the do's and don’ts of ecotourism.

Soil Composition

The entire village has evidences of erosion. Slight erosion is forest areas (28%) in cultivated lands, 56%, moderate erosion in grasslands 911%) and the rest severe erosion of cultivated lands.

The soil types are Camiguin Clay and Undifferentiated Mountain Soils. Cultivation of Camiguin Clay is difficult given the prevalence of big boulders and rock outcrops. For the other soil type, due to inaccessibility, it cannot be classified but has been identified to have no significant agricultural value.

Vegetation

Ideal crops would be permanent such as fruit trees and coconuts but it can be used as pasture land.

a) Tropical Rainforest Dipterocarp
b) Elevation The most dominant topographical feature of the land is gently sloping to rolling or slope range from 8 to 15%. Slopes over 30% (protected and considered as unbuildable due to possible dangers of landslides) constitute 18% of the total area. The rest are nearly level to undulating slope from 3 to 8% moderately steep tovery steep slopes that range from 30-50%.

People/Culture

They do not speak up unless asked, if they can be as aloof as this, how would they be able to entertain their guests?
It has been mentioned that on one of the rocks near Tuasan Falls the locals caught two foreigners having sex on top of it in broad daylight. Whether it is true or not reflects on how they see outsiders, especially foreigners.

SITE: SITIO KIBELA, BARANGAY CANTAAN

2004-09-05T18:56:00.000+08:00

Other Sitios: Cantaan Proper, Lubog, Tabaga
Land Area: 96 hectares (5.17 of Guinsiliban’s total land area, second smallest barangay)
Alienable and Disposable: 96 hectares
Timberland: None
Population: (NSO 1995): 302 (6.14% of municipal total)
Population Density: 315 persons/sq.km.
HH no.: 60
Ave. HH Size: 5.03

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Cantaan is one of the six coastal barangays of the Municipality of Guinsiliban. Its land area of 96 hectares constitutes a mere 5.17% of the entire 1,852 hectares of the municipality. Given this, Cantaan ranks as the smallest village of Guinsiliban. Situated on the southwestern portion of the province and eastern part of Guinsiliban, Cantaan’s boundaries are as follows: Sitio Kauswagan on the north and on the east by Sitio Das-ag, both of Barangay Cabuan, Sitio Upper Lawan of North Poblacion on the west and on the south by the sea of Mindanao. It is composed of four sitios, two of which are not inhabited.

a) Topography, Erosion and Soil

Although it is a coastal barangay, Cantaan’s broad landform is basically of hilly landscape which is pyroclastic or volcanic in nature and is of the low relief category. This means that although its soil is a product of the weathering of volcanic sand, big boulders and rock outcrops are prevalent in the area, cultivation of permanent crops such as fruit trees and coconut is the most ideal.

Its topography is characterized by rolling to moderately steep to very steep slopes covering an area of 75.81 hectares or almost 80% of its total area. The slope range is found in the middle portion of the village going upland. Given this, Cantaan has features of a composite barangay. Of its total area, steep to very steep slopes of 30-50% covers almost half of the barangay. These slopes are considered as unbuildable as well as protected due to possible dangers of landslides. On the lower side towards the highway are slope ranges of gently sloping to undulating (8-15%).

Camiguin Clay is the dominant soil type found in the area.

b) Environmentally Constrained Area

Along with the other barangays in Guinsiliban, Cantaan is relatively safe from the direct hazards posed by Mt. Hibok-Hibok. Greater environment hazards are posed by landslides and erosion due to its steep slopes and coastal riverine floodings. A total of 62.27 hectares are considered as environmentally-constrained, with steep slopes accounting for 68% and coastal areas accounting for the balance of 32%.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

The population of Cataan per the NSO Survey in 1995 was 302 persons belonging to 60 households with an average household size of 5.03. Among its four sitios, only Sitios Kibela and Proper are inhabited. Population is greater in Cantaan Proper compared to Kibela, due to the former’s greater accessibility to the national highway.

Almost half of the population is evenly distributed among the age group of 8-16 years and 46-65 years. Given this, its composition is a combination of young and old. The potential labor force outnumbers the dependents by a ratio of 1:1.25. As to distribution of the population by gender groups, there are more men than women showing a ratio of 1:1.11.

Although majority are locals of the barangay, there are also quite a number of local migrants usually coming from other barangays of the same municipality. Marriage is the primary reason for in or out migration incidence in the area.

EDUCATION

Although Cantaan shows a relatively high literacy rate (CMPP Survey, 1996) many of its residents were not able to further their education to get a college degree. More than half of its populace have only attained elementary education while less than 20% pursued secondary education. Given that the only existing school in the area is of primary level, most of the students pursue the rest of their elementary education in Guinsiliban Central School in the Poblacion. Tertiary education can be taken either in Catarman or Mambajao.

It is worthy to note that there is a lack of school teachers as well as classrooms in Cantaan’s sole primary school. At present, the school has only two classrooms: one being shared by Grade 1 and 2 pupils, the other by Grade 3 and 4 students. These classes are handled by only two teachers.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

The main source of income is fishing given that Cantaan is a coastal area. Of its households, 85.71% have a secondary source of income, usually farming. Retail business however, provides the highest annual average income at PhP 36,000. Income from agriculture alone averages a low PhP 14,541.

Banana and cassava are the most common crops planted, followed by coconut and camote.

Sitio Kibela is a potential fishing ground for reef associated and pelagic fish species. However, Cantaan's fisherfolk generally lack the proper gear. Fishing vessels are generally non-motorized with matching net, or fish pot as fishing gear. Fishing is done mainly within municipal waters. Common fish species caught are reef associated coupled with some pelagic fishes.

Major issues concerning the fishery sector are the encroachment of commercial vessels in municipal waters as well as the use of destructive fishing methods by some fishers.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES

Less than half of the households in the barangay are energized. A large portion of its population still makes use of kerosene as a source of light. Majority would like to avail of electricity, however they could not afford the installation fee as well as monthly dues given that they live on a subsistence frame. Firewood is commonly used for cooking and this is sourced from driftwood and woodlots with an average of 4 bundles a week per household.

Radio is the most common source of information for majority of the populace. There is no telephone to directly link this village to the outside world. To avail of telephone service, Cantaan residents have to walk towards the Poblacion, near the port. Postal service is the most common facility utilized for communication purposes.

Potable water is commonly sourced from springs. The water disdistributed through faucets installed within the barangay.

As anywhere else in the municipality, there is no waste management system in the area. Garbage is disposed either by open burning or dumping along the creeks, shores and backyards, posing sanitary and environment threats (Source: Comprehensive Master Plan for the Province of Camiguin).

DATE OF VISIT: JULY 30, 2000 - SUNDAY

2004-09-05T16:01:00.000+08:00

FINDINGS:

A. AREA

Site: Sitio Kibela, Brgy. Cantaan, Guinsiliban, Camiguin
Land Area: Cantaan: 96 ha., Kibela (Coop): 1,116.2821 ha.
Terrain : Coastal area made up mostly of sand, corals and with some parts consisting of clay, especially the ones nearing the elevated/upland area. Coastal area is about 300m away from the upland.

Distance Time: 30-45 minutes away from Mambajao

Actual Distance: 23 km more or less from the Poblacion of Mambajao

Distance (Time from 2º to FMR): 10-15 mins. away from the provincial road

Vertical Infrastructure:

a) Corner of 2º to FMR

Before reaching Kibela, one will be passing by the barangay Proper which has an elementary school, a basketball court, and a pool which serves as the barangay’s water source, a place for washing clothes and bathing.

b) Site:

1 concrete house
2 bahay kubo
wooden benches (2)
Water pump
Cooperative building/DENR office
Coco lumber fence separating coop from a privately-owned lot which has a concrete resthouse within its vicinity.
Electric posts
Comfort rooms

Horizontal Infrastructure: Roads going to Kibela is mostly dirt roads with certains strips already concretized. Construction is on its way as evidenced by the less rugged features of its dirt roads.

B. DEMOGRAPHICS

No. of Households Cantaan: 60HH, Kibela (coop): 8HH
Livelihood Component Fishing, upland farming (very minimal)
Ave. HH Size 5.03
Educational Level :

High literacy rate (CMPP Survey, 1996) many of its residents were not able to further their education to get a college degree.

More than half of its populace have only attained elementary education while less than 20% pursued secondary education.

a) Head of Household - Elementary level
b) Children - High School level

Solid Waste Management
None that exists for the moment. Evidence of burning can be found within the site.

C. INVENTORY

1) Man-made
Historical: Moro Watch Tower

Facade of the tower is made up of corals, which was the dominant material used during the time it was built.
Potted plants can be found all around while within the tower, plants have been landscaped to give a semblance of a garden leading towards the stairs which used to serve as the watch tower.
Infront of the watch tower is the Guinsiliban Elementary School. One would have to pass through the vicinity before one can reach the watch tower.
A new school building is being erected near the watch tower.
Just beside the Watch Tower is a dumpsite used for composting. At its back part (part fronting the sea) is a piggery.
The Moro Watch Tower could have been the first thing one can see as one gets off the boat in Guisiliban port but due to households built alongside it, it is barely recognizable.
Antique artifacts have been dug from the watchtower’s center (that would be the place where the garden is) according to Julie (from PRRM). It is believed to be sold and is now in the private collection of whoever bought those artifacts.
No plates or landmarks (courtesy of National Historical Institute) bear any explanation of the place.
When this researcher asked one of the locals, there was no explanation given as to the relevance of the place to their town’s history. The usual, “Mas alam ng iba iyan kaysa sa akin,” was the answer.

2) Natural

Kibela’s shores as one of the best fishing grounds in Camiguin. Snorkelling through its waters one can see huge corals inhabited by schools of fish.

D. CULTURAL

Fiesta/Festivities: Kibela's Barrio Fiesta - March 18
Religion: Catholic

Stories/Folklore:

When Alona Cordero, Community Organizer for Kibela, was asked to narrate the folklores or legends of the place, she was very shy to tell us about it and would rather that her father, Lando Cordero, narrate the stories. “Mas alam kasi ng matatanda,” she explained. We had to swim all the way to her father’s house (which was about not more than 500m away from the coop/DENR camp).

According to Mang Lando the term “Kibela” is Visayan term for take care (o mag-ingat) since the area used to be uninhabited by people and certain supernatural beings like the tikbalang, white lady, engkanto were believed to live in the place.

-There is also the place which they term as “bato” where they say two engkanto lovers would sit on everytime the moon is full.

Tales of great, big fish would usually join them during fishing trips. If the fish is unknown to them, then, they should not touch it since it might be an engkanto o “di natin iyan kauri.”

Crime Rate:

The place seem peaceful except for a few complaints:

Illegal fishing such as the use of underwater compressors so that they can poison the fish.
Fishermen from the mainland would go here and use fine nets which is not allowed in Kibela.
SCUBA divers do not coordinate their activites with the coop and the barangay. They are suspected of catching fish in the vicinity for use as display in their aquarium.
There have been “fence” disputes between the coop and a certain Rodriguez person who have installed coco lumber fences to mark his area which hinders the locals from passing by its beach. During high tide, the locals have a hard time passing through it. The case is still pending and is being held at the Sangguniang Bayan since April of this year.

E. IMPACT

There are existing projects being implemented by some of the people from the community, such as: clam culture, bangus culture, and crab culture.
According to Mang Lando, they do not have the technical know how on culturing giant clams and claims that he aims to produce pearls out of culturing it so he could earn money out of it.
There have been traces of dynamite fishing in the area wherein you can find dead corals, white and broken to pieces. However, the community is actively participating in looking out for any of these illegal activities.
There have been conflicts with the local government units and the cooperative that is why the area is still not declared as a marine sanctuary.

1) Soil Composition

Although it is a coastal barangay, Cantaan’s broad landform is basically of hilly landscape which is pyroclastic or volcanic in nature and is of the low relief category. This means that although its soil is a product of the weathering of volcanic sand and big boulders and rock outcrops are prevalent in the area.
Camiguin Clay is the dominant soil type found in the area.

2) Vegetation: Cultivation of permanent crops such as fruit trees and coconut is the most ideal for its soil.

3) Elevation

Its topography is characterized by rolling to moderately steep to very steep slopes covering an area of 75.81 hectares or almost 80% of its total area. The slope range is found in the middle portion of the village going upland. Given this, Cantaan has features of a composite barangay.
Of its total area, steep to very steep slopes of 30-50% covers almost half of the barangay. These slopes are considered as unbuildable as well as protected due to possible dangers of landslides. On the lower side towards the highway are slope ranges of gently sloping to undulating (8-15%).

4) People/Culture

There was an effort to speak Tagalog but are more conversant in their own dialect.
Strangers are welcome to visit the place however some tend to shy away from certain questions about their beliefs and culture, take for instance the time when asked about their legends/folklores.